Platelet Rich Plasma-platelet Concentrate (PRP-PC) Analysis

Platelet Rich Plasma-platelet Concentrate (PRP-PC) Analysis Quality assessment of platelet concentrates prepared at Dr. Pinnameneni Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation Dr. Anusha A.M Background Platelet rich plasma-platelet concentrate (PRP-PC) were prepared and their quality variables were evaluated. Material and methods In this study platelet products were prepared using platelet rich plasma method. After preparation the products were transferred to platelet incubator and agitated. Their quality was assessed after 24 hours of preparation using the following parameters: volume of the platelet concentrate, platelet count, RBC contamination, morphology and pH. Results Volume 90% of the RDP was weighing between 50 to 70 ml, 4% below 50 and 6% above 70 ml. The count correlated well in both the methods and 85% of RDP had a count of above 5.5 x 1010, 15% had below 5 x 1010. Ph: 56% of the RDP had of 6.3 to 6.5, 33% had 6.6 to 7.0 and 6% at 6.2 and 5% above 7.0. Appearance: 86% was light straw colored, 3% light pint, 6% pink and 5% red. Conclusion During the storage of platelet concentrates there is progressive loss in capacity of survival and function of platelets. In order to maximize the preservation of platelet viability it is best to allow PRP to repose at room temperature for 1-2 hours and then transfuse as soon as possible. To maximize the therapeutic values of platelet concentrates quality control is essential and helps to identify trouble shooting in procedures. In conclusion more than 95% of the RDPs prepared meet the standard. Keywords:Platelet rich plasma-platelet concentrate, quality parameters, platelet count Introduction Transfusion medicine has over the years evolved to assume a complex medical discipline that aided or modified patient care. Blood donation culture has not been fully imbibed in our society and homologous blood is usually in short supply in the blood banks with its attendant consequences in patient management1. Platelet transfusion therapy has played an important role in the management of patients 2,3]. Today, platelet concentrates are prepared from whole blood either by differential centrifugation buffy coat-derived platelet concentrates (BC) or by platelet rich plasma- platelet concentrates (PRP-PC) and plateletpheresis (4,5). There are several methods for quality control of platelet components including cell counting, pH, volume and morphology.[6.7.8]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of platelets during the storage of platelet concentrates derived from PRP-PCs and whether patients got adequate therapeutically useful amount of platelets. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted at blood bank, PSIMS RF, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was carried out on 100 patients. Platelet products were prepared from whole blood using platelet rich plasma method. After preparation these were stored in platelet incubator and agitated. Their quality was assessed after 24 hours of preparation using the following parameters: volume of the platelet concentrate, platelet count, RBC contamination, morphology and pH. For the study, samples were taken from the segment of tubing in the platelet concentrate bag to maintain sterility inside the bag. Volume The volume of the platelet concentrates were measured by deducting the volume of the empty bag from the volume of the platelets concentrate bag in ml. The measurements were recorded. pH p H of the platelet concentrate units were checked by the use of semi-quantitative dipsticks ( Bayers multistix strips) Total Platelet Count Platelet count was done by 2 methods Automated method by using fully automated analyzer Sysmex KX-21 to assess the quality o the platelets. Counting was based on impedance technology. Manual method using counting chamber. RBC contamination Platelet concentrate unit was checked by visual inspection or various colours. Morphology Morphology was analyzed by staining smear by leishman stain. Results 1. Volume 95% of PRP-PC was weighing between 55 to 75 ml and 5% below 55. pH 76% of the PRP-PC had of 6.3 to 6.5, 20% had 6.6 to 7.0 and 4% below 6.3. Total Platelet Count The count correlated well in both the methods and 90% of PRP-PC had a count of above 5.0 x 1010 and 10% below 5 x 1010. 4. RBC contamination 92% was light straw colored, 4% light pint and 4% pink. Morphology 94% of the platelets were discoid, 4% spherical and 1% fragmented. Discussion The potential of transfused platelets to circulate and function is dependent on ex-vivo and in-vivo factors. The percentage of platelets that maintain discoid form is a primary and simple indicator for the quality of the stored platelet concentrates. PCs been gently prepared and then immediately transfused without a storage interval have high retrieval, good survival and conserved function. Quality assessment of platelet concentrates is an important step to evaluateex-vivofunctional viability of platelet concentrates and post transfusion recovery and survival in donee. Various variables are used for routinequality assessment of platelet concentrates such as volume, platelet count, morphology, RBC contamination and pH. Conclusion During storage, platelet concentrates gradually lose the capacity to survive and function. In order to preserve platelet viability, PRP should be allowed to rest at room temperature, for 1-2 hours and transfused as soon as possible thereafter. There is a need to improve the quality of the platelet concentrates being prepared to get maximum therapeutic values. Doing quality control is essential and it is not only valuable in itself but also helps in identify trouble shooting of the procedures. In conclusion more than 95% of the PRP-PC prepared met the standards. References Olaitan PB, Onah I I, Ogbonnaya I S. Preliminary reports of autologous blood transfusion in a plastic surgery unit. Tropical Doctor.2006; 36: 20-21 Snyder EL, Hezzey A, Katz AJ, Bock J (1981) Occurrence of the release reaction during preparation and storage of platelet concentrates. Vox Sang 41:172-177. Heaton WA, Rebulla P, Pappalettera M, Dzik WH (1997) A comparative analysis of different methods for routine blood component preparation. Transfus MedRev 11:116-129. Fijnheer R, Pietersz RN, de Korte D, Gouwerok CW, Dekker WJ, et al. (1990)Platelet activation during preparation of Platelet Concentrate: A comparison of Platelet Rich Plasma and the buffy coat methods. Transfusion 30: 634-638. Jerad S, Prane K (1997) The Platelet Storage lesions. Transfusion Medicine Reviews 2: 130-144. Dijkstra-Tiekstra MJ, Pietersz RN, Huijgens PC (2004) Correlation Between the extent of platelet activation in platelet concentrates and in vitro and in vivo parameters. Vox Sang 87: 257-263. Kamath S, Blann AD, Lip GY (2001) Platelet activation: assessment andquantification. Eur Heart J 22: 1561–1571. Albanyan AM, Murphy MF, Rasmussen JT, Heegaard CW, Harrison P (2009)Measurement of phosphatidylserine exposure during storage of platelet concentrates using the novel probe lactadherin: a comparison study with annexin V. Transfusion 49: 99-107. Rinder HM, Smith BR. In vitro evaluation of stored platelets: Is there hope for predicting post-transfusion platelet survival and function?Transfusion.2003;43:2–6 Holme S. Storage and quality assessment of platelets.Vox Sang.1998;74:207–16.

Gay and Lesbian Issues - Homosexual Couples Must Be Allowed to Marry Es

Homosexual Couples Must Be Allowed to Marry "I do." Two simple words that can change lives. For most people, the phrase conjures up images of a man and a woman being joined in marriage. But for gays and lesbians, having the chance to legally say "I do" is a far-off dream, not a reality. For years in other countries, same-sex couples have had their marriages federally recognized, but the unions of American homosexuals still go unrecognized by the United States government. Same-sex marriages deserve to be legalized in this country. Homosexual couples should be entitled to the same rights as heterosexual couples. First, look at the issue in purely a legal fashion. A legally recognized marriage enacts hundreds of state and literally thousands of federal laws and benefits. These benefits, including social security, inheritance rights, child custody, and health care, are available only to people who are legally married. By United States law, the only people able to receive a marriage license are two people of the opposite sex. [1] These laws, in order to be fair, should be applicable to all citizens, not just opposite-sex spouses. In 1996, President Bill Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act, or DOMA. This Act says that states have the right to not recognize same-sex marriages from other states if they were to be legalized. The federal government as well would not recognize legal same-sex marriages. However, according to the U.S. Constitution's "full faith and credit" clause, states must recognize each other's laws and regulations. In addition to that, DOMA defines marriage for federal purposes as a legal union between a man and a woman. By February 1999, at least 49 states have filed laws similar... ...e gender of the couple. Some people wonder why the legalization of same-sex marriages is even an issue. Indeed, it should not even be a problem in today's society. But when marriage begins to discriminate because of how a person chooses to live his or her life - then it becomes an issue. Sources Cited [1] Partners Task Force for Gay & Lesbian Couples: Legal Marriage Primer http://www.buddybuddy.com/mar-prim.html [2] Legal Marriage Alliance of Washington: Frequently Asked Questions http://www.buddybuddy.com/lma-3.html [3] Forum on the Right to Marriage: Arguments/Letters to the Editor http://www.calico-company.com/formboston/argument.htm [4] Partners Task Force for Gay & Lesbian Couples: Wald- Prop. 22 http://www.buddybuddy.com/wald-l.html [5] Freedom to Marry Coalition of Massachusetts http://www.ftmmass.org/aboutmarr.htm

Living and Dining Room FurnitureÂÂ

Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market The vast majority of households struggle with storage issues. Furthermore, two fifths (42%) find it difficult to source the right size furniture for their home, while over a third (36%) struggle to store/display their possessions. This frustration with lack of space creates significant scope for new clever and flexible storage innovations in living/dining room furniture. Q: How does smaller housing stock affect demand for living/dining room furniture?A: By 2017, the number of one- and two-person households is projected to increase by 850,000. Demand for space-efficient living/dining room furniture is therefore likely to intensify during the coming years. For example, in 2013, IKEA is launching its Uppleva modular range in the UK, which has integrated smart TV, video/Blu-ray and DVD players, wireless internet systems and the different components can be tailored to fit requirements and/or the space available. Mintel’s researc h for this report shows that the vast majority of households struggle with storage issues.Furthermore, two fifths (42%) find it difficult to source the right size furniture for their home, while over a third (36%) struggle to store/display their possessions. This frustration with lack of space creates significant scope for new clever and flexible storage innovations. Q: How are companies leveraging the ‘stay at home’ trend? A: The living room has become a home entertainment hub with seating arrangements serving as part of the ‘movie’ experience, for example incorporating home comforts such as built-in fridges, cup holders and reclining seats.There is increasing connectivity between furniture and mobile devices. In April 2012, La-Z-Boy’s Gizmo range includes Bluetooth music control and speakers. CSL’s Sound Sofa offers built-in docking facilities for iPods and music speakers while the DFS Audio Sofas feature an entertainment dock for iPod/iPhon e/MP3, with built-in speakers and a sub-woofer. Neil Mason Head of Retail Research [email  protected] com Tel: +44 (0) 20 7606 4533    © 2013 Mintel Group Ltd. All rights reserved. Confidential to Mintel.Neil manages the teams that produce the European Retail Reports. Neil joined Mintel in 1995 and previously worked as Head of Fashion/Beauty and Personal Care/Household, and Head of UK Retail. Before joining Mintel, he worked in the food and publishing industries. He has a BSc in Business Studies/Marketing. Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market Since home ownership won’t become a reality for many younger consumers, investing in a home digital system that can be moved (and built up over time) is an important consideration.The internet has become an integral part of buying living/dining room furniture, with almost half of respondents browsing online before making a purchase. This compares to 30% who like to browse catalogues before buying. Q: How important is property churn to the living/dining room market? A: In Mintel’s research for this report, less than one in five respondents (18%) said that they bought living/dining room furniture when they last moved house/set up home. A similar proportion bought after redecorating/extending their living/dining room (19%) or just to get a new look/style (19%).So fluctuations in the housing market are significant but not the only driver of new purchases. The primary reason for buying living/dining room furniture is when items get worn out or broken (51% agree). It is competing for share of household goods spend and moving forward the emphasis should be on the pleasure derived from creating an inviting home environment. Women are in the driving seat when it comes to this type of furniture purchase rationalisation, with 79% saying the look/style of their living/dining room is important, compared to 64% of men.We can therefore expect to see a greater focus on targeting women using emotive tr iggers such as family, status among peers, self-indulgence etc. Q: How important is multichannel retailing to living/dining room furniture? A: The internet has become an integral part of buying living/dining room furniture, with almost half of respondents browsing online before making a purchase. This compares to 30% who like to browse catalogues before buying. At the same time, bricks-and-mortar showrooms offer clear advantages to consumers who prefer to ‘try before they buy’ (54%) and to those who ppreciate helpful and knowledgeable staff, important to over two thirds of potential shoppers (69%). Modern retailers are harnessing the advantages of all channels, for example creating augmented reality mobile phone apps, launching mobileoptimised websites, increasing in-store theatre and modernising product catalogues. Greater focus on e-commerce is seeing many of the larger retailers rationalising their store portfolio and introducing smaller store formats, while relying more on digital channels to facilitate wider product ranges, style inspiration and achieve greater geographical reach.Websites are becoming more content-rich, thus improving the online experience, similarly many retailers are investing in their stores, enhancing the physical shopper experience. Therefore the two channels are increasingly working in tandem with one another, creating more convenience and flexibility for the consumer.  © 2013 Mintel Group Ltd. All rights reserved. Confidential to Mintel. Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market The year 2012 saw these trends pick up pace as the non-specialist retailers grew their market share.Q: What are retailers doing to reduce consumer preoccupation with price? A: Promotional tactics risk becoming tired and ineffective as consumers become immune to the steady stream of promotional campaigns. Several retailers are using emotional triggers to inspire consumers to invest in their home by projecting aspirational lifestyle s and communicating a different set of value benchmarks. Some 86% of respondents cite good quality as important to their choice of furniture retailer, whereas a wide choice of styles, quick/flexible delivery and promotions/discounts also gain the same level of response.Retailers are adopting diverse and innovative tactics to detract from price-based promotions, ranging from greater online customisation of styles/colours/fabrics, highlighting softer attributes such as provenance, heritage and ethics eg Britishmade furniture, adding new exclusive brands to the mix such as Habitat (Homebase), French Connection (DFS), Jasper Conran (M&S) or introducing new own-brands which are less open to direct price comparison, or offering speedy delivery (eg CSL’s 72-hour express delivery service).While price-based promotions remain vital to driving footfall in-store, industry trends reveal more multi-layered strategies taking shape such as express delivery times, greater scope for customisat ion of design and making different channels work in harmony rather than in competition with each other eg in-store vs online. Promotional tactics risk becoming tired and ineffective as consumers become immune to the steady stream of promotional campaigns. Several retailers are using emotional triggers to inspire consumers to invest in their home by projecting aspirational lifestyles and communicating a different set of value benchmarks.

Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance

Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance Introduction California is one of the populated USA states inhabited by large number of different minority groups which for centuries have defined and characterized the state’s social, cultural, economic, political, and religious environments. At the same time, the state appears to be increasing in the number of minority groups. By 2010, California had an estimated population of 37,253,956 people (USA Census Bureau, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This constituted a 10% increase, as compared to 2000 population of 33,871,648 people (USA Census Bureau, 2011). Out of this population, Hispanic population (Latinos) make up 37.6% compared to 40.1% of non-Hispanic white population and the rest represent other minority groups in the state (USA Census Bureau, 2011). Hispanic Americans or popularly known as Latino constitute t he fastest growing minority group in the state. By 2020, it has been estimated that the ethnic group will be dominant in California (USA Census Bureau, 2011). Although the Latinos form the largest and growing minority group in the state, the ethnic group is composed of various sub-cultures. Some of the notable sub-cultures of the group include Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, Central Americans, Puerto Ricans, etc. On a wider scale, the Latinos may exhibit similar socio-cultural and economic aspects. Therefore, it is likely to find some differences among the sub-cultures that may be associated with the diverse geographical and political backgrounds. It is also necessary to undertake more apt studies that identify similarities and differences between the various sub-cultures of Latinos that may be appropriate for action-based cultural programs and understanding. As a result, the study will focus on two sub-cultures – Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans Americans. Specific em phasis will be placed on the analysis of such common themes as holidays and traditions, education and family structure, and religion to define the basic differences and similarities between Mexican Americans and Puerto Rican Americans. Hence, holidays and traditions play an important role among members of Hispanic group, so do family structure because they influence social interaction. Second, language has also a major impact on other cultures these two groups interact. Finally, religion introduces an important component to cultural development of both Mexican Americans and Puerto Americans.Advertising Looking for coursework on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Results Section Brief Overview of Mexican Americans The Mexican American culture is constantly changing because of the impact of other cultures. Especial attention is given to the cultural exchange between Mexican and American cultures through flow of traditions and ideas. At this point, â€Å"Mexican Americans hold very strong bond to their language, people, traditions, and homeland† (Bravo, 2005, p. 157). In this respect, such dedication to cultural issues has a potent impact on the native population. Holidays and Traditions Despite the merger of American and Mexican cultures, the Mexican Americans have a strong sense of cultural identity and, as a result, they strive to sustain their original roots and traditions (Mexican Americans in the Columbia Basin, n. d.). Moreover, they have always strived to reinforce their cultural traditions and sustain cultural renaissance (Garcia, 2002). In this respect, cultural revival can be traced through celebrating different holidays and keeping loyalty to different important rituals, such as wedding, funeral, or anniversaries. Because the percentage of Mexican Americans is significant in the United States, particularly in California, Texas, and Arizona, Native Americans consid er it quite easy to observe cultural traditions and sustain close cultural ties with different Mexican communities through different cultural celebrations, such as Cinco de Mayo, which is also known as the day of Mexican Independence (Bravo, 2005, p. 158). With regard to food preferences, Chicanos largely eat traditional foods that reflect Mexican-American diet rich in variety of foods and dishes (Ohio State University, 2010a). The diet is normally a blend of pre-Columbian, indigenous India, Spanish, and French varieties. Moreover, Chicanos consume in large number; local fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products and protein sources (Ohio State University, 2010a). One of the most famous components of the Mexican cuisine is tortilla that is traditionally made of corn, which is the basic ingredient for Mexican dishes.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It should also be stressed that Mexican Americans are committed to sustaining different sub-cultures. In this respect, Mequel Mendez is one the acknowledged Mexican American writers revealing the essentials of Chicano culture. This is specifically revealed in his best known story called Pilgrims in Aztlan, revealing the main peculiarities of Mexican traditions within the American context (Mendez, 1992). Language and Family Structure Though the Spanish language is the main language of the Mexican people, younger generations living in the United States are more likely to blend the Spanish language with English. Aside from language issues, Mexican-Americans try to defend their system of education and prove that their teaching approaches are also effective (Association of Mexican-American Educators, et al., v. The State of California and the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, 1996). Family is an important aspect that Mexican Americans (Chicanos) practice (Williams, 1990). Chicanos practice effective strategies for child development throughout one’s life cycle. Mothers are the ones who stay with infants for a long time whereas men are supposed to work outside to earn money for their families. Women are supposed to perform all household chores including childrearing (Williams, 1990). As a result, mothers become the perfect agents of socialization for the children. Moreover, Chicanos families are largely extended in nature with many members. Despite significant differences between the American and Mexican cultures, Mexican American families are often referred as to the American type of extended families. Religion Religion remains an important aspect in the lives of Mexican Americans. In fact, Mexican Americans associate the happenings in the world to religious beliefs and practices they have held for a long time. The predominant religion majority of Mexican Americans have associated with is the Roman Catholicism (Williams, 1990) . Religion is seen to be the expression of entity that stresses sacredness and human existence among Mexican Americans.Advertising Looking for coursework on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brief Overview of Puerto Rican Americans Holidays and Traditions Traditions of Puerto Rican Americans are largely influenced by Afro-Spanish history because many customs are mixed with the Catholic religion of Spaniards and religious orientation of the West African slaves brought to the island in the early sixteenth century (Countries and Their Cultures, 2012). There are many other celebrations that typical of the Puerto-Rican culture, such as El Dia De las Canelarias, (â€Å"candlemas†), when people dance around a huge bonfire (Countries and Their Cultures, 2012). There are also holidays that are also celebrated by the Americans, such as New Year’s Day and Christmas. Great influence of American culture can be observed in the poems by Martin Espada, particularly by the poem Coca-Cola and Coca Frio (2010-2012). In this poem, one can notice a negative impact of the American mass culture on health of Mexican children. Specific emphasis is placed on the problem of obesity and overweight. Aside from cultural traditions and customs, Puerto Rican Americans have become much more concerned with global issues and, therefore, they have increased cultural awareness (Rosello, n. d.). Economic stability and awareness of social problems is brightly presented by Soto (1995) who provides his outlook on the problem of employment in the Untied States. A famous painter, Ramon Frade also dedicated his painting to depicting real of Puerto Americans. His picture called El Pan Nuestro de Cada Dia (n. d.) mirrors the poverty and daily routine of the people. Puerto Rican America diet resembles that of Mexican Americans although it is not spicy as that of Mexican Americans (Ohio State University, 2010b). The cuisine largely prepared by Puerto Rico Americans involves diet rich in complex carbohydrates such as bread, cereals, soda crackers, rice, and corn meal. In addition, the diet is likely to have calcium elements and milk (Ohio State University, 2010b). Meat also forms p art of the diet and favorite dishes include chicken, pork sausage, turkey, beef, spare ribs, and small quantities of fish. Language and Family Structure Puerto Americans attach great importance to the institution of family and every member is supposed to respect and uphold the family traditions (Bryan, 2004). Children are taught and socialized to respect their elders and women in the community (Taus-Bolstad, 2004). Family is considered the first and foremost vital aspect where members are supposed to show commitments to extended family that include uncles, aunts and cousins (Bryan, 2004). There are many stereotypes and misconceptions related to the language because there is no a Puerto Rican language, but Castilian Spanish originated from ancient Latin. Spanish spoken Puerto Rican Americans have a different pronunciation than that spoken by the Spanish (Countries and Their Cultures, 2012). Despite the fact that English is usually taught by Puerto Rican children in public schools, th e Spanish language remains the main one. Influence of Puerto Ricans to the American people is also tangible in terms of language, which led to the emergence of the so-called â€Å"Spanglish† language (Countries and Their Cultures, 2012). Judging from these exchanges, Puerto Rican Americans have a potent influence on the language development in the United States. Religion Religion is another feature that is important among the Puerto Rican Americans. Many Puerto Americans have demonstrated diversity and freedom of worship but on closer look and analysis, the Catholicism values and teachings dominates the population and their religious beliefs (Bryan, 2004). Catholicism is combined with other beliefs, which have become predominant among the Puerto Rican Americans. For instance, some of the dominant beliefs in this community include ‘Santeria’ and ‘Espiritismo’ (Bryan, 2004). Santeria constitute a mixture of Catholic beliefs and rituals from the Yoruba tribes (Bryan, 2004). Yoruba found their way to Puerto Rico as slave immigrants. On the other hand, Espiritismo constitute a belief in spirits that date back to the native Taino tribes and has become one of the dominating beliefs among the Puerto Americans (Bryan, 2004). Discussion and Conclusion Similarities in Cultures Because both sub-cultures refer to similar national group (Hispanic, or Latino), it is logical that they have much in common with each other in terms of traditions, social structures, cuisine, and religion. To begin with, both cultures attain much importance to family structures, as far as greater affiliation to older generations and cultural roots is concerned. Family structure also influences the roles and responsibilities that each member of the family takes in life. Both Mexican-American and Puerto Rican American value family as the basis for building social communities and reinforcing cultural identity and traditions. In this respect, many traditions are closel y connected with family celebrations, such as wedding, funeral, etc. Specific attention should also be given to the traditional roles of males and females since both cultures introduce make dominance whereas the role of women is confined to housekeeping and looking after children. Therefore, women are usually less engaged in career building. However, living in the United States, more and more females are ambitious about receiving education and promoting their career. Close resemblance of cuisines is also observed because both the Mexican and the Puerto Rican make use of beans and corns as the major ingredients in preparing traditional dishes, although there is certain divergence in the cooking process. Finally, there is a great similarity between the cultural communities in terms of religion and religious beliefs. Specifically, both cultures are connected to Romanic Catholicism. Moreover, both Mexican American and Puerto Rican Americans believe that religion play a pivotal role in o ther social spheres, including education, traditions, and family issues. Differences in Cultures Despite a great number of similarities between the two Hispanic groups under analysis, there are explicit differences between those that should be taken into the deepest consideration. Specifically, Mexican Americans have deep sense of cultural identity, as well as richness of culture, which is based on very old traditions originated from the Maya culture (Bravo, 2005). Despite that, they have quickly assimilated among the Native Americans and have become the largest minority group in the United States. In contrast, Puerto Rican Americans are more affiliated to their roots and, therefore, they rarely call themselves as American. Being proud of their culture, this people is more oriented on preserving their original root. As a result, the process of assimilation is quite difficult. Though Hispanic cuisine is quite similar, certain discrepancies between Mexican and Puerto Rican cuisine can be found. Hence, the Mexican diet takes roots from Spanish, Indian, and French influences whereas Puerto Rican is more based on West African flavors, such as increased popularity of coffee and cocoa beans. Regarding language, Puerto Rican speck Castilian Spanish whereas Mexican Americans a â€Å"pure† Spanish language. Despite the differences, both languages have quickly assimilated among the American speakers and, as a result, a great number of new words and accents have emerged. Three Approaches to Using Information in Classrooms Regarding the above-presented analysis and synthesis of primary and secondary resources, it can be stated that both sub-cultural are rich in traditions, cultures, and celebrations, which should be learned to the meet the global requirements. First, living in the era of internationalization, cultural diversity issues have acquired great importance. Therefore, the found information can be used in such lessons dedicated to the conflict management, gl obalization, communication and mass media. For instance, learning more about family structures of both Puerto Rican Americans and Mexican Americans is significant because it allows to learn more about how to favor a socially appropriate environment for such people. Second, learning cultural differences can provide a better understanding of cultural exchange between American and Hispanic culture. In this respect, the found information can be used while studying different traditions of Hispanic people and how they affect American culture. For instance, how Mexican celebrations, such as the Day of Mexican independence, influence American customs. Cultural distinctions can be also viewed by studying the peculiarities of the Castilian Spanish language. spoken by Puerto Rican Americans, as well as how it influence the English language. Finally, the given study can provide a better understanding of the problems of discrimination and gender because these issues of higher importance of the c ultures in question. Issues of racial and gender discrimination can be applied to such disciplines as political science, sociology, and legal issues. Analyzing legal case studies presented above can provides students with a better picture that Hispanic groups experience while living in the United States. Personal and Professional Relevance Brief Overview of Methods While searching for the primary information, the following methods have been used: Introducing the keywords â€Å"Hispanic groups† , â€Å"Cultural awareness†, â€Å"Mexican American†, â€Å"Puerto American† to the search engine; Analysis of information with regard to the established topics; Using Internet, I have managed to find out Google images displaying traditional cuisine; Once the information have been gathered, it has been studies to find out common thematic nodes, that have presented above; Introducing common themes have been through analysis of differences and similarities. Primary and secondary data gathered have provides a full overview of all concepts necessary for meeting the demands of the research topic. Non-internet sources were found in the library achieves. Specific focus was made to the books revealing culture and history of the development of Hispanic groups. Importance of Sources The poetry represented by Soto and Espada are of paramount importance because they represent modern tendencies and influences in Mexican and Puerto Rican culture, as well as how these cultures are influenced by the American society. In particular, there primary documents are dedicated to discussing the urgent global problems and the way they affected cultural minority groups, including the spread of mass culture, childhood obesity, and protection of human rights and freedoms. Other resources, such as pictures, and governmental documents, reflect how Hispanic culture can influence the American one. Analysis and Synthesis of the Information While gathering primary and second ary information, secondary resources have been gathered first to get a general idea of the main peculiarities of both cultures. As soon as the basic features of each culture have carefully been considered, a shift has been made to searching for primary resources related to Mexican and Puerto Rican culture. It has been found that all the materials found reveal increased cultural awareness and aspiration to maintain cultural identity. Once all sources have been gathered, I have highlighted the part that referred particular to the themes being investigated – language, family structure and traditions, and religion. Once I have looked through the primary sources, I found evidence in secondary sources displaying similar topics. I used notes and underlined the parts that related specifically to the topics. Importance of the Report for Teaching From a personal perspective, learning more about different cultures is important because it provides a wider insight into a better understand ing about what influence it would have for your culture. Besides, knowledge of host cultures can provide you with information of how to act in a conflict situation in case cultural discrepancies come to the forth. From a professional perspective, learning techniques largely depend on the way teacher can provide students from different cultural backgrounds with knowledge. In particular, cultural differences, including family background, religion, and language peculiarities should be taken into consideration because it will significantly enrich teachers’ experience while presenting materials for such linguistic and historical disciplines. Learning more about Hispanic culture is paramount because it will contribute to a more successful communication at a global level. Alternatively, ignorance of minority cultures can lead to conflict and misunderstanding, which prevents the American society from achieving social and economic welfare. Hence, the study of peculiarities of social a nd family roles performed by the representatives from different cultures is indispensible for establishing effective communication and cooperation between ethnic groups. References Primary Sources â€Å"El Pan Nuestro de Cada Dia† [image] (n. d.). Retrieved from https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-kRGXx-xLPhNXeTMH_KjRn_LHvVQPplzLgLQqcRmSw_jCV7lkKENmXXFtJqU8P0Tkhdxsu-EIC6B8nD8CDb1M6C14eL8rGDVCUFLKB1shjROYUkOE_UVxC903qlXkznjWb6Dw5FDYR50E/s1600/Picture+037+-+FINAL.jpg Association of Mexican-American Educators, et al., v. The State of California and the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (1996). United Stated Courts of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Retrieved from: justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/amae.pdf Espada, M. (2010-2012). Coca-Cola and Coco Frio. MartinEspada.net. Retrieved from martinespada.net/Coca-Cola_and_Coco_Fr_o.html Mendez, M. (1992). Pilgrims in Aztlan. US: Bilingual Press. Rosello, P. (n. d.) Commonwealth Puerto Rico Findings Letter. The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved from justice.gov/crt/about/spl/documents/prjuvfind.php Soto, G. (199 5, August). Getting Ahead. Poetry Foundation. p. 268. Retrieved from: poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse/166/5#20604520 Secondary Sources Bravo, A. (2005). Mexican-Americans: A Culture of Struggle, Dignity, and Survival. CS P, 3(2), 157-163. Bryan, N. (2004). Puerto Rican Americans. NY: ABDO Publishers. Countries and Their Cultures (2012). Puerto Rican Americans. Retrieved from everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Puerto-Rican-Americans.html Garcia, A. M. (2002). The Mexican Americans. CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Mexican Americans in the Columbia Basin (n. d.). Historical Overview. Retrieved from http://archive.vancouver.wsu.edu/crbeha/ma/ma.htm Ohio State University. (2010a). Cultural Diversity: Eating in America, Mexican-American. Family and Consumer Sciences. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:FACB6Wc07JgJ:ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/5255.pdf+cultural+diversity+eating+in+america+mexican-americanhl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESimMq_flZDh9iEWzWpeK8iIea jzaGu8klVaesjgW5TuMRwWJ8asHSP1jm1UO1FNjM0CuiO6Ml0LvzfGi8TMDNeKjumlx2lYrHgkzbEUuXhqgPbWBGDJmbHralgaCIH7Oos_iZ4Bsig=AHIEtbS1-mCjiry9caMgHd9p-VR3H43YhA Ohio State University. (2010b). Cultural Diversity: Eating in America, Puerto-Rico Americans. Family and Consumer Sciences. Retrieved from Taus-Bolstad. (2004). Puerto Ricans in America. NY: Lerner Publications. USA Census Bureau. (2011). State and County quick facts. Retrieved from census.gov/aboutus/contacts.html Williams, N. (1990). The Mexican American family: tradition and change. CA: Rowman Littlefield. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Vfomj3aqBT8Cpg=PA15lpg=PA15dq=Mexican+American+family+arrangementsource=blots=pX0jza3yjdsig=xf0RNOgliX-VkNb2FTFfax1Gr44hl=enei=SxXmTrypH5LN4QShzMWrBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Mexican%20American%20family%20arrangementf=false

Cultural Globalization Essays

Cultural Globalization Essays Cultural Globalization Essay Cultural Globalization Essay while National Basely National movies re based on Islamic values, contraindicative, romantic and they turn to appeal and be watched more by Islamic countries. QUESTION 2 2 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS: According to the business dictionary economic environment is the totality of economic factors such as employment, income, inflation, interest rates, productivity and wealth that influences the buying behavior of consumers and institutions. The Nigerian economic environment is the biggest in Africa. It is also one of the fastest growing and robust economy in the world which will be suitable for selling the Nebulas Gal . GAL toothier. 2. Economic infrastructure: According to a study done by economy watch, Insignias economic structure suffers from a lack of infrastructure and poor regulation related to foreign and private investments. To encourage foreign direct investment in foreign direct investments, the country has aligned trade tariffs with the Economic Community of West African States (SHOWCASE) standards. Prior to 2005, trade tariffs were the second largest source of revenue for the country and this will give Karmic International Motors an advantage to migrate its motorbike business to Nigeria. 2. Standard of living: Still, for 80 percent of the Nigerian population, the cost of living is around USED 1 per day. And there is also a deteriorating infrastructure. Although there is a small but growing middle-class in Nigeria there remains a glaring absence of a middle class. The rich are filthy rich and the poor are dismally, irrevocably poor. Hence Karmic International Motors needs to consider these disparities for pricing. 2. 3 Economic infrastructure: Among its African peers, Nigeria has relatively advanced power, road, rail, and CIT networks that cover the national territory quite extensively. In the transport sector, Insignias road networks are in poor condition from lack of maintenance, and the country has a poor record on air transport safety which means that when Karmic International Motors should expert logistical challenges especially when transporting the motorbikes from the assembly plant to the show rooms. 5 | Page 2. 4 Per capita income: According to the World Bank national accounts data, and COED National Accounts data files, the latest value for GAP per capita (current SIS$) in Nigeria was $1,501. 72 as of 201 1 . Over the past 51 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated be;en $1,501. In 201 1 and $91. 37 in 1960. This will affect the profit margins of Karmic International Motors especially taking into considerations all capital that has to be spent on running the business and looking at the time to make a return on investment. 2. 5 Exchange rate: according to the money converter the latest exchange rates is 1 South African Rand is equals 16. 1683 Nigerian Naira. This is a good thing because it means all assembling of the motorbike and logistics will be done in Nigeria for a very small amount then transported to other African states at a lower rate. It also means that the motorbike will be marketable nice oil prices are low in Nigeria. 3 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: is a set of beliefs, practices, customs and behaviors that are found to be common to everyone that is living within a certain population. Cultural environments shape the way that every person develops, influencing ideologies and personalities [o] 3. 1 Living standard: In Nigerian living in poverty has risen to nearly 61% over the past 5 years. Absolute poverty is measured by those who can afford only the bare essentials. According to WFM Poverty has risen in Nigeria, with almost 100 million people living on less than a $1 a day, despite economic growth. It is a concern for Karmic International Motors besides of doing business in Nigeria, CSS projects that will fit in to the standard of living must be considered to improve the standard of living. 3. 2 Gangue Although: English is the official language of Nigeria but Hausa, Your, Gobo are the some of the domino languages in Nigeria. For marketing the bike on different radio stations all of these languages have to be taken into considerations. 3. Lifestyle: Nigerian are outgoing and friendly. Unlike in South Africa, The motorbike is a very popular mode of transport used in different areas of remonstration in Nigeria. This is a pulling factor for Karmic International Motors to invest in Nigeria. 3. 4 Values: Extended families are still the norm and are in fact the backbone of the social system. Grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, sisters, brothers and in-laws all work as a unit through life. Family relationships are guided by hierarchy and seniority. Social standing and recognition is achieved through extended families. These are the values that will be used by Karmic International Motors when they are running marketing campaigns to sell the motorbike. 3. 5 Taboos: Nigeria is a religious entry, the northern part of Nigeria is comprised Of conservative Muslims while the South has conservative Christians. Therefore it is taboo to eat in 6 | Page public during the month of fasting and this is one of the points that Karmic International Motors needs to put in mind when hiring some of the staff members. 3. 5 Norms and customs: Many Nigerian use gestures when communicating. They may smile to mask their true feelings, especially when disappointed or confused. Many employ indirect eye contact to demonstrate their respect for the other person. It is common to gaze at the forehead or shoulders of money they do not know well. Very direct eye contact may be interpreted as being intrusive unless there is a longstanding personal relationship. Members of staff of Karmic International Motors who will be going to train and work in Nigeria from South Africa needs to be trained on the Norms and customs before departing. DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT: According to business dictionary [o] this is the demographic factors of the market in which an organization operates, and which are used to segment the target population for effective marketing. 4. 1 Size of population: 173. 6 million in 2013 and over 250 ethnic groups including Hausa and Filial 29%, Your 21 Oh, Gobo (Bib) 18%, Jaw 10%, Kanji 4%, Bobbie 3. 5%, Tip 2. 5% ,Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%. This is a huge market for Karmic International Motors. The different demographic dynamics needs to be taken into consideration when setting up the business as well. 4. 2 Education level: The majority of curricula found in the international schools in Nigeria follow British, American or International Baccalaureate standards. The quality of education tends to be high, and students who are children of employees who decides to relocated there need not worry about ailing behind during their time abroad. Furthermore, many of the private schools are equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, and offer a healthy choice of extra-curricular activities. 3 Income level: The income levels are low however there is growing middle-class. The pricing of the motorbike should consider this fact. The Nebulas Gal . GAL motorbike needs to cater both the middle-class and the lower class. Furthermore this will also be at the advantage of Karmic International Motors when it hires staff from Nigeria. 4. 4 Employment rate: Although there is oil in Nigeria and other thriving sectors like farming by big business, however there is also a thriving small medium business enterprises. It also very much important for Karmic International Motors to note this because they will most of the time not be dealing with people who get monthly income but people who will be paying their installment at any given time in a month. 4. 5 Occupation distribution Incentives looking for work in Nigeria can average as much as 45 percent above basic pay, and range between about SAID 100,000 and USED 200,000 per annum. The average is about USED 123,000 a year, but is often quoted in terms of (approximately) USED 71 Page 00 per day. Very high-level senior management jobs in the oil sector will command higher salaries, sometimes as much as USED 450,000 a year. 5 CONCLUSION This assignment discussed different issues that entailed an in-depth look at the Exportability of global markets where issues such as the relationship between national culture and the film industry were explored on the first question. There was also a description of cultural globalization as a two-way street and a look as to why certain film genres do better in some cultures than in others.

Pakistan Early Civilizations History

Pakistan Early Civilizations History From: Library of Congress Country Studies From the earliest times, the Indus River valley region has been both a transmitter of cultures and a receptacle of different ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Indus Valley civilization (known also as Harappan culture) appeared around 2500 B.C. along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. This civilization, which had a writing system, urban centers, and a diversified social and economic system, was discovered in the 1920s at its two most important sites: Mohenjo-Daro, in Sindh near Sukkur, and Harappa, in Punjab south of Lahore. A number of other lesser sites stretching from the Himalayan foothills in Indian Punjab to Gujarat east of the Indus River and to Balochistan to the west have also been discovered and studied. How closely these places were connected to Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa is not clearly known, but evidence indicates that there was some link and that the people inhabiting these places were probably related.An abundance of artifacts have been found at Harappa so much so, that the name of that city has been equated with the Indus Valley civilization (Harappan culture) it represents. Yet the site was damaged in the latter part of the nineteenth century when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the ancient city for ballast. Fortunately, the site at Mohenjo-daro has been less disturbed in modern times and shows a well-planned and well-constructed city of brick.Indus Valley civilization was essentially a city culture sustained by surplus agricultural produce and extensive commerce, which included trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia in what is today modern Iraq. Copper and bronze were in use, but not iron. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were cities built on similar plans of well-laid-out streets, elaborate drainage systems, public baths, differentiated residential areas, flat-roofed brick houses and fortified administrative and religious centers enclosing meeting halls and granaries. Weights and measures were standardized. Distinctive engraved stamp seals were used, perhaps to identify property. Cotton was spun, woven, and dyed for clothi ng. Wheat, rice, and other food crops were cultivated, and a variety of animals were domesticated. Wheel-made pottery some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralized administration has been inferred from the cultural uniformity revealed, but it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a priestly or a commercial oligarchy.By far the most exquisite but most obscure artifacts unearthed to date are the small, square steatite seals engraved with human or animal motifs. Large numbers of the seals have been found at Mohenjo-Daro, many bearing pictographic inscriptions generally thought to be a kind of script. Despite the efforts of philologists from all parts of the world, however, and despite the use of computers, the script remains undeciphered, and it is unknown if it is proto-Dravidian or proto-Sanskrit. Nevertheless, extensive research on the Indus Valley sites, which has led to speculations on both the arch aeological and the linguistic contributions of the pre-Aryan population to Hinduisms subsequent development, has offered new insights into the cultural heritage of the Dravidian population still dominant in southern India. Artifacts with motifs relating to asceticism and fertility rites suggest that these concepts entered Hinduism from the earlier civilization. Although historians agree that the civilization ceased abruptly, at least in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa there is disagreement on the possible causes for its end. Invaders from central and western Asia are considered by some historians to have been destroyers of Indus Valley civilization, but this view is open to reinterpretation. More plausible explanations are recurrent floods caused by tectonic earth movement, soil salinity, and desertification. By the sixth century B.C., knowledge of Indian history becomes more focused because of the available Buddhist and Jain sources of a later period. Northern India was populated by a number of small princely states that rose and fell in the sixth century B.C. In this milieu, a phenomenon arose that affected the history of the region for several centuriesBuddhism. Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, the Enlightened One (ca. 563-483 B.C.), was born in the Ganges Valley. His teachings were spread in all directions by monks, missionaries, and merchants. The Buddhas teachings proved enormously popular when considered against the more obscure and highly complicated rituals and philosophy of Vedic Hinduism. The original doctrines of the Buddha also constituted a protest against the inequities of the caste system, attracting large numbers of followers. Until the entry of the Europeans by sea in the late fifteenth century, and with the exception of the Arab conquests of Muhammad bin Qasim in the early eighth century, the route taken by peoples who migrated to India has been through the mountain passes, most notably the Khyber Pass, in northwestern Pakistan. Although unrecorded migrations may have taken place earlier, it is certain that migrations increased in the second millennium B.C. The records of these people who spoke an Indo-European language are literary, not archaeological, and were preserved in the Vedas, collections of orally transmitted hymns. In the greatest of these, the Rig Veda, the Aryan speakers appear as a tribally organized, pastoral, and pantheistic people. The later Vedas and other Sanskritic sources, such as the Puranas (literally, old writings an encyclopedic collection of Hindu legends, myths, and genealogy), indicate an eastward movement from the Indus Valley into the Ganges Valley (called Ganga in Asia) and southward at least as far as the Vindhya Range, in central India. A social and political system evolved in which the Aryans dominated, but various indigenous peoples and ideas were accommodated and absorbed. The caste system that remained characteristic of Hinduism also evolved. One theory is that the three highest castes Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas were composed of Aryans, while a lower caste the Sudras came from the indigenous peoples.At about the same time, the semi-independent kingdom of Gandhara, roughly located in northern Pakistan and centered in the region of Peshawar, stood between the expanding kingdoms of the Ganges Valley to the east and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia to the west. Gandhara probably came under the influence of Persia during the reign of Cyrus the Great (559-530 B.C.). The Persian Empire fell to Alexander the Great in 330 B.C., and he continued his march eastward through Afghanistan and into India. Alexander defeated Porus, the Gandharan ruler of Taxila, in 326 B.C. and marched on to the Ravi River before tur ning back. The return march through Sindh and Balochistan ended with Alexanders death at Babylon in 323 B.C. Greek rule did not survive in northwestern India, although a school of art known as Indo-Greek developed and influenced art as far as Central Asia. The region of Gandhara was conquered by Chandragupta (r. ca. 321-ca. 297 B.C.), the founder of the Mauryan Empire, the first universal state of northern India, with its capital at present-day Patna in Bihar. His grandson, Ashoka (r. ca. 274-ca. 236 B.C.), became a Buddhist. Taxila became a leading center of Buddhist learning. Successors to Alexander at times controlled the northwestern of region present-day Pakistan and even Punjab after Maurya power waned in the region.The northern regions of Pakistan came under the rule of the Sakas, who originated in Central Asia in the second century B.C. They were soon driven eastward by Pahlavas (Parthians related to the Scythians), who in turn were displaced by the Kushans (also known as the Yueh-Chih in Chinese chronicles).The Kushans had earlier moved into territory in the northern part of presen t-day Afghanistan and had taken control of Bactria. Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushan rulers (r. ca. A.D. 120-60), extended his empire from Patna in the east to Bukhara in the west and from the Pamirs in the north to central India, with the capital at Peshawar (then Purushapura) (see fig. 3). Kushan territories were eventually overrun by the Huns in the north and taken over by the Guptas in the east and the Sassanians of Persia in the west.The age of the imperial Guptas in northern India (fourth to seventh centuries A.D.) is regarded as the classical age of Hindu civilization. Sanskrit literature was of a high standard; extensive knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine was gained; and artistic expression flowered. Society became more settled and more hierarchical, and rigid social codes emerged that separated castes and occupations. The Guptas maintained loose control over the upper Indus Valley.Northern India suffered a sharp decline after the seventh century. As a result, Islam came to a disunited India through the sam e passes that Indo-Aryans, Alexander, Kushans, and others had entered. Data as of 1994. Historical Setting of IndiaHarappan CultureKingdoms and Empires of Ancient IndiaThe Deccan and the SouthGupta and Harsha

First case study assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

First assignment - Case Study Example the purpose of this brief analysis is to briefly discuss the seduction theory, analyze its contents, and seek to infer a rational for why Sigmund Freud chose to abandon such a theory only one year after mentioning the high probability of its existence. As a way to do this, the author will examine Freud’s own admissions with regards to the lack of therapeutic success, unlikely number of sexual deviants in the Vienna population, the nature of unconsciousness, and the Oedipus Complex. Firstly, with regards to the Seduction Theory, this was ultimately a theory put forward by Sigmund Freud around the year 1895-1896 in which he sought to link the prevalence of hysteria and obsessional neurosis to repressed memories of childhood sexual assault. In the theory, the repressed sexual assault was ultimately internalized and manifests itself as a function of a type of neurosis or other form of mental issue. Naturally, within the constructs of the times and within the scientific body of knowledge, Freud published a paper on the topic in 1896 and prior to this performed a long set of clinical trials in which he was able to elicit confessions of repressed sexual abuse upon his patients, generally taking place before the age of 4 years; i.e. in infancy. However, for one reason or another, Freud soon abandoned this theory as he evidently thought it to be ultimately untenable within the realm of extant science and experience he had witnessed (Blum 2008). Although many of Freud never detailed the reasons for why he chose to distance himself from the Seduction Theory, one can infer a great deal based upon his 1897 letter to Wilhelm Fliess. Within this personal correspondence, the four factors which were listed in the introduction of this analysis with regards to why Freud may have ultimately chosen to abandon the theory are iterated. Firstly within the letter Freud complained of the â€Å"inability to bring a single analysis to a real conclusion† (Freud 1985). This of course